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Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. (Fam. Asclepiadaceae) |
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 English Name |
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Latin Name |
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Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. (Fam. Asclepiadaceae) |
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Hindi Name |
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Sanskrit Name |
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Meshashringi, Vishani, Madhunashini |
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History |
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This plant was called Meshashringi or "ram's horn" in Sanskrit. Its use in snake bite as a remedy was well known to the natives of the Konkan in India and the natives of Southern India. A curious circumstance connected with this plant was first noticed by Mr. Edgeworth, namely, that if chewed it destroys the power of the tongue to appreciate the taste of sugar and all saccharine substances. This property of the leaves has been tested in 1887, carefully by Mr. D. Hooper. |
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Habitat |
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It consists of dried leaf of , a large woody, much branched, climber, with pubescent young parts, found throughout India in dry forests upto 600 m. |
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Morphology
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a) Macroscopic
Leaf simple, opposite, elliptical or ovate, petiolate, petiole 6 to 12 mm long and pubescent; lamina 3 to 6 cm long and 1 to 3 cm broad; acute or shortly acuminate; more or less pubescent on both sides, base rounded or cordate, venation reticulate; odour, unpleasant; taste, bitter and acrid.
b) Microscopic
Leaf -
Petiole - Nearly semi circular in outline having a deep furrow, shows a single layered epidermis covered with thick cuticle; multicellular uniseriate trichomes present; cortex composed of 3 or 4 layers of collenchyma and 3 or 4 layers of thin walled parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces; vascular bundle bicollateral, conjoint and 3 in number, one central larger and crescent shaped and 2 lateral and smaller in size; a few rosette crystals of calcium oxalate present in cortical region.
Midrib - Epidermis and trichome as in petiole; epidermis followed by 2 or 3 layers of collenchyma adjacent to the lower surface; vascular bundle crescent shaped, bicollateral, conjoint and situated in centre; rest of the tissue between collenchyma and vascular bundles consisting of polygonal thin-walled parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces, a few having rosette crystals of calcium oxalate.
Lamina - Shows dorsiventral structure; epidermis and trichome as in petiole and midrib; trichome cylindrical, consists of 3 to 6 cells nearly similar in width and variable in length, terminal cells blunt, most of them curved inwards from the leaf surface; palisade 1 or 2 layers; spongy parenchyma irregular, arranged with distinct intercellular spaces, rosette crystals of calcium oxalate present in this region; stomata paracytic, present only on lower surface; palisade ratio 7 or 8; stomatal index 20 to 25, vein islet number 7 to 10 per sq. mm.
Powder - Light green; under microscope shows epidermal cells having nearly straight wall, and paracytic stomata in surface view; rosette crystals of calcium oxalate; broken pieces of trichomes and spiral vessels. |
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Principal Constituents Pharmacology
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Triterpenoid saponins of gymnemic acid A, B, C and D with sugar-residues such as glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, ferulic and angelic acids attached as carboxylic acids. Several isopropylene derivatives of gymnemagenin, a hexahy-droterpene, gymnemagenin, gymnemic acid. The leaves also contain betaine, choline, gymnamine alkaloids, inositol, d-quercitol. Hydrocarbons such as nonacosane, hentriacontane, tritriacontane, pentatriacontane, phytin, resin, tartaric acid, formic acid, butyric acid, amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine, valine, alanine, ?-butyric acid. |
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Toxicology
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Little is known about the long-term safety of the plant, but it generally has not been associated with human toxicity. |
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Indications
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Gymnemic acid has anti-diabetic property. It has an inhibitory effect on plasma glucose and serum insulin in man. The plant is stomachic, stimulant, laxative and diuretic. The leaves of the plant, when chewed, possess the remarkable property of paralysing, for a few hours, the sense of taste for sweet and bitter substances; the taste for acid foods is not affected while the taste for salty foods is very slightly, if at all, influenced. |
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Clinical Test
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GS4, an extract from the leaves of G.sylvestre, was administered (400mg/day) for 18-20 months as a supplement to the conventional oral drugs. During GS4 supplementation, the patients showed a significant reduction in blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and glycosylated plasma proteins, and conventional drug dosage could be decreased. Five of the 22 type 2 diabetic patients were able to discontinue their conventional drug and maintain their blood glucose homeostasis with GS4 alone |
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