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Momordica charantia Linn. (Fam. Cucurbitaceae) |
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 English Name |
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Latin Name |
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Momordica charantia Linn. (Fam. Cucurbitaceae) |
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Hindi Name |
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Sanskrit Name |
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Karavella, Kathilla, Varivalli, K¡ravalli |
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History |
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Habitat |
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It consists of fresh fruit of Momordica charantia Linn. (Fam. Cucurbitaceae); a monoecious climber found throughout the country often under cultivation, upto an altitude of 1500 m. |
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Morphology
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Fruit 2.5 - 25 cm long, oblong, pendulous, fusiform, usually pointed or beaked, ribbed and bearing numerous triangular tubercles, 3 valved at the apex when mature, surface rough; light green to green in colour containing numerous seeds; taste, extremely bitter.
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Principal Constituents Pharmacology
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The fruits and leaves of the plant contain two alkaloids, one of them being momordicine. The plant is reported to contain a glucoside, a saponin-like substance, a resin with an unpleasant taste, an aromatic volatile oil and a mucilage. The seeds contain an alkaloid (m.p. 236°) and an anthelmintic principle in the germ; they also contain urease.
The fruit contains ascorbigen, a bound form of ascorbic acid released by heating with water in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide or nitrogen. Large sized fruits, borne by certain types of M. charantia, are richer in ascorbigen than small fruits borne by other cultivated types.
The free amino acids present in the fruit are: aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, threonine, alanine, g-amino butyric acid and pipecolic acid. The green fruit contains luteolin. Carotene is the principal pigment of carpels, while lycopene characterizes the red aril.
The fruits and seeds of M.charantia yielded a polypeptide (mp 240°), viz. p-Insulin, which was considered to be similar to bovine insulin |
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Toxicology
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The juice appears to be also abortifacient. However, the possibility of separating a non-toxic hypoglycemic factor cannot be ruled out. |
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Indications
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The fruits have long been used in India as a folk remedy for diabetes mellitus. Lectins from bitter gourd have shown significant antilipolytic and lipogenic activities.
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Clinical Test
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p-Insulin was tested in a controlled clinical trial. In juvenile diabetics, the peak hypoglycemic effect was observed after 1-8 hrs; in patients with maturity onset diabetes, maximum fall in blood sugar level was noted after 12 hrs. |
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